Peptide Research Quick-Reference Table
15 compounds ยท Mechanisms ยท Landmark + recent studies ยท Research applications
15 compounds ยท Mechanisms ยท Landmark + recent studies ยท Research applications
A curated reference companion from MedTides Research. All data sourced from peer-reviewed publications indexed in PubMed. This table is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice.
| Compound | Category | Mechanism of Action | Primary Research Focus | Landmark Study | Recent Study (2025โ26) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPC-157 | Cytoprotective | Pentadecapeptide derived from gastric juice; upregulates growth factor expression (VEGF, EGF); modulates NO system; promotes angiogenesis and tendon-to-bone healing | Tissue repair, GI cytoprotection, tendon/ligament healing | Sikiric et al., 2018 โ | Sikiric et al., 2025 โ |
| GHK-Cu | Regenerative | Copper tripeptide complex; activates tissue remodeling genes; stimulates collagen synthesis, decorin, and glycosaminoglycan production | Skin regeneration, wound healing, anti-aging research | Pickart et al., 2017 โ | Phase 2 Trial, 2026 โ |
| Tirzepatide | Metabolic | Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist; enhances insulin secretion, reduces glucagon, slows gastric emptying, central appetite regulation | Metabolic regulation, glycemic control, weight management | Jastreboff et al., 2022 โ | SURMOUNT-5, 2025 โ |
| Semaglutide | Metabolic | GLP-1 receptor agonist; acylated for albumin binding and extended half-life; activates hypothalamic satiety pathways | Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk reduction, obesity research | Wilding et al., 2021 โ | SELECT Trial, 2025 โ |
| NAD+ | Longevity | Essential coenzyme in redox reactions; activates sirtuins (SIRT1-7) and PARPs; critical for mitochondrial function and DNA repair | Cellular aging, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroprotection | Yoshino et al., 2018 โ | Yi et al., 2025 โ |
| TB-500 | Regenerative | Synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4; promotes actin polymerization, cell migration, and angiogenesis; modulates inflammatory cytokines | Tissue regeneration, cardiac repair, dermal wound healing | Goldstein et al., 2012 โ | Tฮฒ4 Alzheimer's, 2025 โ |
| CJC-1295 | Growth Hormone | Modified GHRH analog with Drug Affinity Complex (DAC); extends half-life via albumin binding; pulsatile GH release stimulation | Growth hormone secretion, body composition research | Teichman et al., 2006 โ | No major update |
| Ipamorelin | Growth Hormone | Selective ghrelin receptor (GHS-R) agonist; stimulates GH release from anterior pituitary without affecting cortisol or prolactin | Growth hormone research, selective GH secretion | Raun et al., 1998 โ | No major update |
| PT-141 | Neuroactive | Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist; acts centrally in hypothalamus on sexual arousal pathways; derived from Melanotan II | Sexual dysfunction research, central nervous system modulation | Diamond et al., 2004 โ | No major update |
| Selank | Neuropeptide | Synthetic analog of tuftsin (immunomodulatory peptide); modulates BDNF, serotonin, and enkephalin expression; anxiolytic properties | Anxiety research, cognitive enhancement, immunomodulation | Kozlovskii et al., 2008 โ | Seredenin et al., 2025 โ |
| Semax | Neuropeptide | Synthetic ACTH(4-10) analog with Pro-Gly-Pro extension; enhances BDNF/NGF expression; neuroprotective via anti-inflammatory pathways | Neuroprotection, stroke recovery, cognitive performance | Dolotov et al., 2006 โ | Alzheimer's Model, 2025 โ |
| LL-37 | Antimicrobial | Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide; disrupts bacterial membranes; modulates TLR signaling and chemokine production | Antimicrobial defense, innate immunity, wound infection | Vandamme et al., 2012 โ | LL-37 Analogs, 2025 โ |
| KPV | Anti-inflammatory | C-terminal tripeptide of ฮฑ-MSH; inhibits NF-ฮบB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-ฮฑ, IL-6, IL-1ฮฒ) | Inflammatory bowel disease research, mucosal healing | Brzoska et al., 2008 โ | KPV PepT1/IBD, 2025 โ |
| Epithalon | Longevity | Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly); activates telomerase reverse transcriptase; extends telomere length in somatic cells | Telomere biology, cellular senescence, aging research | Khavinson et al., 2003 โ | Khavinson et al., 2025 โ |
| Retatrutide | Metabolic | Triple agonist: GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors; simultaneous incretin enhancement with glucagon-mediated thermogenesis | Obesity research, hepatic fat reduction, metabolic syndrome | Jastreboff et al., 2023 โ | TRANSCEND Phase 3, 2026 โ |